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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur ： ウィキペディア英語版 Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur French university associations known as Pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur (PRES) (English: centers for research and higher education) were a form of higher-level organization for universities and other institutions established by French law in effect from 2007 to 2013. The 2013 Law on Higher Education and Research (France) discontinued the PRES; these have been largely replaced by the new associations of universities and higher education institutions (French translation abbreviated ComUE).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Principal establishments of higher education )〕 The list below indicates the status of those institutions designated as PRES or related associations before the 2013 law took effect. See the list of public universities in France for the current status of these institutions. == History == The reforms of French higher education in 1968-1971 broke apart several public universities into numerous autonomous successor universities. For example, the University of Paris was split into thirteen universities, Paris I through Paris XIII. These universities have subsequently formed groupings in order to pool resources and better advance their joint activities. Some of these groupings, which typically take the legal form of a ''groupement d'interêt public'', or ''GIP'', are themselves called universities or university centers. In addition to universities, they may include other institutions of higher education and research as well as municipal and regional governments. The process has accelerated with the (law of 18 April 2006 ) on the reform of research in France. This has permitted the creation of tighter groupings called ''pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur'', or ''PRES''. In addition, there are a number of consortia of engineering schools, such as the Grenoble Institute of Technology, that are so tightly united as to be listed as if they were single universities by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.